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In jurisprudence in the Commonwealth realms, the Crown dependencies, and any of a realm's provincial or state sub-divisions, the Crown is the state in all its aspects. In countries that do not have a monarchy, the concept may be expressed as ''the State'' or ''the People'', or some political entity, such as ''the United States'', ''the Commonwealth'', or ''the State of ()''. The Crown is a corporation sole that represents the legal embodiment of executive, legislative, and judicial governance. It developed first in the Kingdom of England as a separation of the literal crown and property of the nation state from the person and personal property of the monarch. The concept spread through English and later British colonisation and is now rooted in the legal lexicon of the other 15 independent realms and the three Crown dependencies. In this context it should not be confused with any physical crown, such as those of the British royal regalia. The term is also found in expressions such as ''crown land'', which some countries refer to as ''public land'' or ''state land'', as well as in some offices, such as minister of the crown, crown attorney, and crown prosecutor (other terms being ''district attorney'', ''state prosecutor'', or ''public prosecutor''). ==Concept== The concept of the Crown took form under the feudal system.〔''The Crown as Corporation'', Frederic Maitland, Law Quarterly Review 17 (1901) pp. 131-46 ()〕 Though not used this way in all countries that had this system, in England, all rights and privileges were ultimately bestowed by the ruler. Land, for instance, was granted by the Crown to lords in exchange for feudal services and they, in turn, granted the land to lesser lords. One exception to this was common socage—owners of land held as socage held it subject only to the Crown. The Crown as ultimate owner of all property also owns any property which has become ''bona vacantia''. The monarch is the living embodiment of the Crown and, as such, is regarded as the personification of the state. The body of the reigning sovereign thus holds two distinct personas in constant coexistence: that of a natural-born human being and that of the state as accorded to him or her through law; the Crown and the monarch are "conceptually divisible but legally indivisible ... ()he office cannot exist without the office-holder". The terms ''the state'', ''the Crown'', ''the Crown in Right of ()'', ''Her Majesty the Queen in Right of ()'', and similar are all synonymous and the monarch's legal personality is sometimes referred to simply as the relevant jurisdiction's name.〔 As such, the king or queen is the employer of all government officials and staff (including the viceroys, judges, members of the armed forces, police officers, and parliamentarians), the guardian of foster children (''Crown wards''), as well as the owner of all state lands (''Crown land''), buildings and equipment (''Crown held property''), state owned companies (''Crown corporations''), and the copyright for government publications (''Crown copyright''). This is all in his or her position as sovereign, and not as an individual; all such property is held by the Crown in perpetuity and cannot be sold by the sovereign without the proper advice and consent of his or her relevant ministers. The Crown also represents the legal embodiment of executive, legislative, and judicial governance. While the Crown's legal personality is usually regarded as a corporation sole, it can, at least for some purposes, be described as a corporation aggregate headed by the monarch. (Neither are to be confused with entities incorporated by charter or statute.) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「the crown」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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